According to Drs. M. Manullang (2001:3) term management of the three (3) understanding, as follows.:
1. Management as a process
2. Management as a kolektivitas of those who carry out management
3. Management as an art or a science
Management as a process
In Encylopedia of the Social Science said that management is a process by which the implementation of a particular purpose held and supervised.
According to James A.F. Stoner (1992, hal7) Management is: "The process of planning, organizing, leadership and efforts to control the members of the organization and all other resources to achieve the goals that the organization has been set."
Haiman said that the management function is to achieve something through the activities of others and oversee the efforts to achieve individual goals together.
George R. Terry said that the management goal is defined pecapaian first practice with other people.
-Definition from the definition above dikemukan it appears that there are three main aspects that are important there, that is, first, the goal to be achieved; second 'goal achieved with the practice activities of other people, and third, the activities of others-kegiata it must be led and supervised.
Management as kolektivitas
It is the people who perform management activities. So in other words, all those who perform management activities in a particular agency is called management. Singular in the sense of (single), called the manager. Manager is the officer responsible for the terselenggaranya management activities so that the purpose of the unit dipimpinnya achieved by using the assistance of others.
Management activities are: planning, Organizing, Staffing, directing and controlling, this is often referred to with the process management, management functions, even as the call management element.
Management as an art or a science
Chester I Barnard in his book "The function of the executive, management recognizes that it is" art "and also as the" science ". Similarly, Henry fayol, Alfin Brown, Harold Koontz and O 'Donnel, and George R. terry thought that knowledge management is at once art.
Management as the art work to achieve the goal of bringing real results or benefits, while knowledge management as a function explain the facts, so give an explanation-an explanation.
From some of the above can be defined Management:
"Management is the art and science of planning, organizing, drafting, guidance, supervision and resources to achieve a goal that has been set.
B. FACILITIES MANAGEMENT
a) Men
b) Money
c) Material
d) Machine
e) Methods
f) Markets
D. FUNCTION-FUNCTION MANAGEMENT
Various opinions about the functions of management will be more apparent with some expert opinion:
1. Louis A. Allen: Leading, Planning, Organizing, Controlling
2. Prajudi Atmosudirjo: Planning, Organizing, Directing or Actuanting, Controlling.
3. John Robert Beishline: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Controlling.
Henry fayol: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling.
4. Luther Gullich: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, directing, Coordinating, reporting, Budgeting.
5. Koontz and O'Donnel: Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Planning, Controlling.
6. William H. Newman: Planning, Organizing, Assembling, Resources, Directing, Controlling.
7. Siagian: Planning, Organizing, Motivating, Controlling.
8. William Spriegel: Planning, Organizing, controlling,
9. George R. Terry: Planning, Organizing, Actuanting, Controlling.
10. LyndakF.Urwick: Forecasting, Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling.
11. Winardi: Planning, Organizing, Coordinating, Actuanting, Leading, Communication, Controlling.
12. The Liang Gie: Planning, Decision Making, Directing, Coordinating, Controlling, Improving.
At the bottom when combined opinions above, the functions of management are as follows:
a) Forcasting
b) Planning, including budgeting
c) Organizing
d) Staffing or assembling
e) Directing or commanding
f) Leading
g) Coordinating
h) Motivating
i) Controlling
j) reporting
a). Forcasting
activity predict, project, or an assessment of the various possibilities that will occur before a plan is surely more done.
b). Planning, including budgeting
The determination of a series of measures to achieve the desired results.
Formulation is the determination of planning jawabab to the following six questions:
1. What action should be done?
2. Whether the action is to be done?
3. Where the action is to be done?
4. When action is dilakasanakan?
5. Who will take this action?
6. How does one implement this action?
c). Organizing
Determining the order of organization and the tasks and functions of each unit within the organization, and define the position and nature of the relationship between each unit. Atu also can be defined as; overall activity in the management group and the determination of duties, functions, powers and responsibilities of each with the purpose of the activities of the wall and Guan in order to successfully achieve the goals that have been determined beforehand.
d). Staffing resources or assembling
Term is given by Luther Gullich, Harold Koonz and Cyril O'Donnel. While Assembling resources dikemukan by William H. Newman. Second term is likely to contain the same.
Staffing is one of the functions of management in the form of penyusunanpersonalia since an organization's recruiting labor, development, up to the business so that every effort to provide maximum efficiency to the organization.
e). Directing or commanding
management function is associated with the effort to provide guidance, advice, commands or instructions to the subordinate in performing tasks, commands or instructions to the subordinate in implementing each task, a task that can be implemented well and truly is to the goal that has been originally defined.
f). Leading
Leading term is one of the functions of management dikemukan by Louis A. Allen is formulated as the work done by the manager that causes people to act. Work includes the five leading types of activities, namely:
Taking a decision
Communication so that the mutual understanding between manager and subordinate.
Giving spirit, inspiration, and encouragement so that they are subordinate to the act.
Selecting the people who become members of groups, and improve knowledge and attitudes so that they are subordinate terampi in achieving the goals set.
g). Coordinating
adlah perform various activities so that disruption does not occur, squabbling, the vacuum, with connecting roads or unify and coordinate the work so that there is a subordinate of effective cooperation in achieving the goals of the organization.
h). Motivating
Pemotivasian activities is one of the functions of management as of inspiration, enthusiasm and encouragement to the subordinate, that subordinate kegiatansecara voluntary according to the desired by superiors.
i). Controlling
is one of the functions of management in the form of an assessment, if necessary, make corrections so that what is done can be directed to subordinate the right way with the purpose to achieve the goals outlined.
j). Reporting
is the delivery of development results or activities or the provision of information on all things related to the duties and functions to the higher officials, both verbally and in writing so that the receipt of the report can obtain a description of how the task of the person who gave the report.
D. Levels of management (Management Level).
Levels of management in the organization will share level managers in 3 levels:
Line by line managers-first (first line) is the lowest level of management in an organization that leads and oversees the recruitment operations. And they do not supervise other managers.
Middle managers (Middle Manager) is a middle-management can involve several levels in an organization. Middle managers supervise and direct the activities of the other managers sometimes also operational employees.
The top managers (Top Manager) consists of a relative small group, top manager responsible for overall management of the organization.
No comments:
Post a Comment